Kua roa nei tātou ngā iwi Māori e whawhai ana mō te rangatiratanga o te whenua. E hia kē mai nei ngā whawhai kua tau ki mua i te aroaro o ngā Kooti. E hia kē ngā hīkoi mautohe i tīmata mai i ngā moka o te motu. Kua rangona ngā hāmama, ngā tangi mō tēnei mea te whenua. Ka titi mai te urupounamu he aha ngā hua i puta? Hei tā ētahi e whai take ana te whakaaro, kāore ngā hua i puta nō te mea kua tangohia te nuinga o ngā whenua e te ringa Kāwana. Mō te takutai moana ka toko ake te pātai i hanga mai ēnei ture hei haukoti i te ao Māori, hei karo kē rānei i te ao Pākehā? He ture tēnei kia whawhai tonu ngā Māori mō ngā kongakonga noa iho? Tuatahi mai me whakamahuki i ngā ture kia mōhio tātou ki ngā aronga o ēnei pātai. Mā tērā ka kitea he aha ngā take, he aha hoki ngā hiahia, ngā wawata o tēnā, o tēnā.

Rangatiratanga

Mai rānō ka noho ngā iwi Māori ki runga i te whenua. Nō runga i ngā tikanga Māori i whakapau ai ngā rauemi. Koinei te whakamāramatanga o tēnei mea te ‘rangatiratanga’: kia noho ko ngā iwi Māori hei ‘rangatira’ ki runga i te whenua. He tikanga whakahaere rauemi e puritia e te iwi, he mana whakahaere tāngata e puritia e te iwi. Kāore i tua atu i te mana kua tukuna ki taua rangatira e tōnā iwi. Nō te iwi e rangatira ai te rangatira. Pērā i te whakataukī ‘e kore te ure e tū ki te kore ngā raho’. I te taenga mai o te Pākehā kua mahia tēnei kupu ki roto i te Tiriti o Waitangi. I whakamahia tēnei kupu ‘rangatiratanga’ hei kawenga whakaaro ki roto i te horopaki o te Tiriti. Engari he aha te whakamāramatanga o ngā kupu ‘tino rangatiratanga’ i Waitangi i te tau 1840?

“Ko te Kuini o Ingarani ka wakarite ka wakaae ki nga Rangatira ki nga hapu—ki nga tangata katoa o Nu Tirani te tino rangatiratanga o ratou wenua o ratou kainga me o ratou taonga katoa. Otiia ko nga Rangatira o te Wakaminenga me nga Rangatira katoa atu ka tuku ki te Kuini…”

Ko te whakamāramatanga o te taha Pākehā kei raro nei:

“Her Majesty the Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand, and to the respective families and individuals thereof, the full, exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates, Forests, Fisheries, and other properties which they may collectively or individually possess, so long as it is their wish and desire to retain the same in their possession.”

He aha ētahi atu horopaki e rangona ana tēnei kupu ‘rangatiratanga’? E tika ana kua mahia tēnei kupu kia tukuna he mana o te whenua ki te tangata. I tētahi tiriti hokohoko o Te Rarawa kua tuku atu te ‘mana’ me te ‘rangatiratanga’ o te whenua ki tētahi atu.

“kua oti te tuku e matou e Nopera Pana Kareao ma kia Reiha Teira tetahi wahi wenua oti tonu atu me nga rakau katoa me nga aha aha noa me nga aha noa katoa e tupu ana i taua wenua me nga mea katoa o raro o taua wenua me te rangatiratanga me te mana i runga i taua wenua (Te Mātāhauariki, 2007).”

Ka kitea i runga nei ka taea te tuku i te mana me te rangatiratanga ki tētahi atu. Engari he rerekē te tauira ki runga i te Tiriti. Ki roto i te tauira ki runga kua tukuna te ‘mana’ me te ‘rangatiratanga’ ki raro i ngā tikanga Māori. Heoi, kia riro mā te tikanga Māori e whakamārama i te ‘mana’ me te ‘rangatiratanga’ kua tukuna atu, hāunga atu tērā o te ture Pākehā.

Te Ture Takutai Moana

I te tau 2004, i kōkiri te Pāti Reipa kia whakawhiwhi i te ture Takutai Moana. I runga i te mataku tēnei ture i kawea. Ka whakanohoia te takutai moana katoa ki raro i te mana o te Karauna. Ka riro mā ngā iwi e tonotono ki te Kōti kia whakamātauria nō rātou tētahi wāhanga o te takutai moana. Taumaha hārukiruki ngā pīkaunga ki te hiahia te iwi ki te haere ki te Kōti. Me whakaatu ki te Kōti nō 1840 i pupuri ki te iwi te ahi kā o taua takutai moana. Mēnā kāore e taea ka hinga te kēhi. Ahakoa te rarahi o ngā moni i pau i ngā roia, i ngā kairangahau, e kore te rangatiratanga o tērā whenua e hokia ki te iwi. Ko te whakatau kē o te Kōti he ‘customary rights order’ he ‘territorial rights order’ rānei. He timotimo noa iho tēnei i tērā i mau i ngā mātua tīpuna i mua. I te whakawhiwhinga o tēnei ture ka puta te Pāti Māori.

Te whakakorehanga o te ture 2004

I ngā tau ka tohe te Pāti Māori ki te Pāti Natinara kia tīnihia tēnei ture. Tekau mā waru ngā marama i tautohetohe rāua kia puta he whakatau whakamutunga. E rima ngā peka e kawe ana i te matū o tēnei whakakorehanga:

1. Ka whakakorengia te ture o 2004;
2. E kore te takutai moana e pupuri ki tētahi tangata ake, ka noho mō te tini ngerongero;
3. Mēnā e pupuri tonu ana te iwi i te mana whenua o tētahi wāhanga o te takutai moana, mā ngā Kōti te tono e whakatau;
4. I ētahi wā ka taea e te iwi te whakakore i ngā mahi o ngā pūtahi hokohoko ki runga i te takutai moana;
5. Ka noho tūmatawhānui te takutai moana. Ka noho te whenua hei ekeeke mā te tini ngiangia ahakoa waewae tapu, ahakoa waewae pokanoa.

I te karenga o te wai, he hua ka puta i tēnei ture. Engari ki te ruku tātou ki raro i te kahu o te wai, ka kitea he raru kei te haere. Pērā i te whakataukī he kokonga whare ka kitea, he kokonga ngākau e kore e kitea. Tuatahi atu, e mate ana tātou i te whakaaro nō te Karauna te mana whakatau he aha te aha. Nō rātou kē te mana nekeneke i a tātou. I noho ngā iwi Māori me tō rātou mana whenua ki Aotearoa. Koirā i tuhia ki te ‘Declaration of Independence’ i te tau 1835. Tuarua nei, mēnā kei a tātou te ‘rangatiratanga’ o ngā whenua ki mua i te taenga mai o tauiwi i konei, he aha te take o te tononga ki te Kōti? Pērā nei tātou i te keretao. Kua mau ngā aho i te ringa o te Kāwana, tarapekepeke ana, whawhai ana. E noho tautauāmoa tātou ki ngā maramara o te whenua.

Ngā kōrero hei arahī i a tātou

I te tau 1992 i puta mai he kōrero o te Taraipiunara o Waitangi hei whakaaro ake mā tātou:

“It is said to be based on tikanga Māori, or Māori law, in that traditionally the tribes had authority over the seas adjoining their land, an opinion encapsulated in the recent expression, ‘mana-whenua, mana-moana’. We would hesitate to use ‘tikanga Maori’ or ‘mana moana’ to describe the scheme however, for it is arguable that traditionally the mana, or authority, did not extend far from the shoreline, and the central feature of this scheme is the value given to the distant fisheries of modern times. The authority went only as far as it could in practice be enforced, it could be said, and customarily, the open seas were open. The equation does underline however, that there are differences in the extent of traditional resource ownership amongst the various iwi” The Fisheries Settlement Report Wai 307, Waitangi Tribunal, Wellington, 1992, cited in Te Mātāpunenga, 2007.

Kei roto i tēnei pūrongo te titiro o te Māori ki tōna whenua. Mai i te oneone tae atu ki te moana, nō te mana o te iwi te whenua. Nō te whenua e ora ai te iwi. Nō te iwi e mana ai te rangatira. Koirā te rangatiratanga i mau nei i ngā Māori o mua. Te āhua nei kua ngaro tērā wawata ki te pō kia noho ngerengere.

He hua ka puta?

Ko tētahi aronga o tēnei pātai kāore he paku hua. Kua riro i te Karauna te mana whakahaere i ēnei momo take. Engari e ai ki te titiro o te Māori ko ngā mokopuna te puanani o ngā whakatewhatewha a ngā mātua tīpuna. Ka whakatōkia he kākano ki te whenua, ka pārekereke, ka tipu, ka rea. Ki te whakaako tātou i ngā tamariki kia mahara i ēnei tirohanga, ka mau tonu. Ehara i te mea e noho pūmau ngā ture a te Pākehā mō ake tonu atu. Pēnei i te moana e ākina ā tai. I tōna wā ka eke, i tōna wā ka hinga. Kawe kau tātou kia mau ki ngā tirohanga, i ngā wawata o mua, ka whawhai tonu atu mō te rangatiratanga o nāianei.

Ngā pūtake kōrero

Arā noa atu ngā pūtake kōrero hei tātari mā mātou ngā kaimahi. Ko ngā whakaaetanga ki waenganui i te Karauna me ngā iwi, ko te tuhinga tango whenua ā muri atu i te whakatūtanga o te Kooti Whenua Māori i te rautau 1850s. Tua atu, ko ngā pitihana i tukuna ki te Karauna, ki te Kūini, ki te Kīngi o Ingārangi i tērā rautau. Hei whakaaro ake mā tātou: I pēhea tā rātou rāwekehanga i ngā kōrero? He aha ngā kupu i whakamahia e rātou i taua wā? He aha ngā rerekētanga i tēnei wā? Ko ngā whakautu ki ēnei pātai ngā hua e hutia e mātou. Engari rā, nui kē te mahi whakariterite, nui kē te mahi o mātou kia eke ki te pae o Mārama!

He whakaraupapatanga o ngā mahi ka mahia

1. Ka kohikohi i ngā tuhinga Māori e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga ture kia hanga i tētahi “Kohikohinga Tuhinga” (Corpus)
2. Mā roto mai i taua kohikohinga tuhinga, me te āta tātari ki ngā kupu kei roto, ka hanga i tētahi “Kohikohinga Kupu” (Lexicon, a body of words)
3. Mā roto mai i taua kohikohinga kupu, ka hanga i tētahi papakupu Māori e whakamārama ana ngā ture Pākeha

Te whakatūwheratanga o te Pātaka Kōrero Ture ki te ipurangi rorohiko

Kātahi, tata mua rā ko te whakatūwheratanga o te Pūtake Pātaka Kōrero Ture ki te ipurangi rorohiko. Ki roto i tēnei Pātaka, ko:

• He reo ture nō te taha Kāwana (language of the Crown);
• He reo ture nō te iwi Māori whānui (Māori community generated language);
• He reo ture nō te whare Pāremata (Statutory language);
• He reo nō ngā whakaritenga me ngā pukapuka herehere (Language of agreement and obligation);
• He reo ture nō ngā Kooti me ngā Taraipiunara (Language of the Courts and Tribunals);
• He reo nō ngā rōpu whakahaere tikanga (the language of Māori governing bodies);

Ka taea e koe te titiro ki ēnei kōrero kua whakairia i te whārangi nei: nzetc.org. Ko tā mātou e whakaaro nei ko ngā whāinga e rua. Tuatahi, kia whenawhena ngā apataki o te ture kia whakanui ai te haumanutanga o te reo; tuarua, hei mau i ngā kōrero i te wāhi kotahi mō ngā kairangahau i tēnā kura, i tēnā kura huri noa i te motu. Mā te titiro ake ki ēnei kōrero a Apirana Ngata, a Māui Pōmare mā, a wai atu o ngā tohunga o te reo o tērā rautau, ānei rā he kōrero huhua hei whakamea mā tātou i tēnei wā. Nō reira, ki raro nei ngā whāinga matua i huataki ai tā tātou mahi.

Ko ngā whāinga e hora ai te mahi

1. Kia hanga i ngā rauemi mātauranga kia ngāwari ai te kōrero Māori mo ngā āhuatanga ture Pākeha
2. Kia whakairihia ngā tuhinga ture (kua tuhia ki te reo Māori) ki runga i te ipurangi rorohiko

Ētahi kupu ture

Arā noa atu ngā kupu i whakamahia i tērā rautau. Kua tango mai ēnei kupu mai i tērā rautau i te whare Pāremata. Anei rā he timotimo kai mō koutou!

Kaitāwari = Defendant
Pire = Bill
Kōhuru Ohonoa = manslaughter
Whenua Pōraka = land block
Whenua Herehere = encumbrance
Tekihana = section of land / section of an Act
Kirimana / Kirimene = contract

Ko ngā take uaua

Ko tā te hunga whakatakē he whakaaro pēnei: me pēhea tētahi kupu Māori kua nui ōna tikanga, kua nui ōna whakapapa me ōna kōrero, e whakamārama pai ai ngā whakaaro pakupaku nei o te ao ture? Pēnā i te kupu “mana”, te kupu “utu” a aha atu, a aha atu. Heoi, kāore he kātoitoi haepapa ki tēnei pātai. Engari, me pēnei taku whakautu i tērā pakirehua: I ngā rā ki mua, i kaha ō tātou mātua tīpuna ki te whakamahi i ngā kupu hou, ki te rāweke i ngā kupu Pākeha, kia takunui te mātai o te reo. Ao ake, ao ake, ka haramai he whakaaro Pākehā, he kupu hou, ko tōna pūtaketanga nō te ao Pākeha. Engari ka whakamāori aua kupu rā kia noho pai ai ki te reo Māori. He mauri tonu tō ērā kupu, he mana, he whakaaro tonu, ahakoa ko tōna rongomaiwhiti nō te ao Pākehā. Nō reira, kei te whai mana tonu tātou ki te rapu i ngā kōrero o te ao Pāremata, a aha atu, tirikohua ki tōna whakamāoritanga, mā reira tātou e whakaaro ake – he kupu e ora tonu ana i tēnei ao?

I te pāhitanga o tēnei ture i te whare Pāremata i te tau 2004, i kite a Ngāi Māori i te ngākau o te Kāwana, tōna nukurau, tōna awarua, tōna hōhonu kakī. Titi ana te urupounamu he aha te Kāwana i mahi pēnei ai? Kei te pōhēhētia i ēnei rā taurangi nei, kua huri kē te ngākau o te Kāwana ki ngā āhuatanga Māori o ēnei rā. Waihape noa nei ngā whakaaro ki te whakatūtanga o Te Puni Kōkiri, ngā karahipi Māori mo te whakaoratanga o te ahurea me ngā puiaki o te ao Māori, te Rautaki Reo Māori mo te haumanutanga o te reo tangata whenua, he aha noa atu, he aha noa atu. Engari, ko te mahi o te rorī, he tirotiro noa iho ki te karekare o te wai, koirā tērā te whakaaro e ngāwari ai ki te tauawhi i ngā mahi o te Kāwana i ēnei rā. Engari, ko tā te kaiarohaehae, te hunga whakatakē hoki, he mea ruku e rātou ki raro i te karekare o te wai, ki raro i ngā kōrero o te Kāwana kua kākahuria e te patipati. Ko ia te tangata e whakaaro ana ki ngā kokonga o te ngākau o te Kāwana e kore e kitea.

Ngā kokikoki, ngā āhuatanga o tēnei ture

I puta ai tēnei ture i runga anō i te kēhi Attorney-General v Ngāti Apa [2003] 3 NZLR 643. I taua kēhi rā, ko te whakapae o tētahi rōia ko tēnei: kāore anō te mana pupuri o te iwi Māori o te takutai moana kia tuku ki te Kāwana. Anō hoki, kāore anō tēnei mana o ngā takutai moana i riro i te Kāwana, i riro i tētahi ture kua pāhitia hoki. Ko te whakaaro o tēnei rōia mā te Kōti Whenua Māori ngā take o te takutai moana e whakatau.

I whakaae mai te Kōti Aperera kia tuku mā te Kōti Whenua Māori e whakatau. I kiia te ruruhi māhina ko Sian Elias CJ ka riro mā te Kōti Whenua Māori e whakatau he aha ngā nekenekehanga o ngā taitara o te takutai moana, nō wai anō rā te mana whakahaere i te takutai moana, arā nō te Kāwana, nō te hapū rānei, he aha atu, he aha atu.

Kātahi kua horahia te papa māharahara kiore o Ngāi Nuinga. Toko ake nei te mānatunatu kāore e taea e te tangata me te whānau te haere ā noa nei ki runga i ngā oneone o te moana. Koinei te raruraru – i te taha mauī ko ngā āwangawanga o Ngāi Nuinga, i te taha matau ko ngā wawata o Ngāi Māori kua murua e te Kāwana mai rā nō, ka tanuku te taura. I te nuinga o te wā, ka parea noatia ngā wawata Māori ki rāhaki, ka whakakorengia e te māharahara o Ngai Nuinga. Kāore he paku whakaaro me pēhea e whakaarahia ngā taha e rua.

Ko te mahi o tēnei ture Takutai Moana 2004 he mea whakatau āwangawanga, he mea patipati ki a Ngai Nuinga ahakoa te mana o te whenua i puritia e ngā iwi me ngā hapū Māori mai rā anō. Koinei te ngākau o te Kāwana e kōrero nei au. E ai ki te ture, tē taea e ngā hapū te tono ki te Kōti mo te mana o ō rātou whenua.

Ko te whakakorenga o tēnei Ture

Ko tēnei mea te tuku i tētahi tonotono ki te Kōti, he whakaaro tūturu ki te papa ture o te Pākehā. Ko te mahi o te ture Takutai Moana 2004, he takahī i tēnei whakaaro. Nō reira, whakahē ana te Kāwana i a ia anō. Koinei pea tētahi aronga matua o te Kōmiti Arotake o te Ture Takutai Moana. Ko ngā pononga o tēnei Kōmiti ko Richard Boast rātou ko Hana O’Regan ko Eddie Durie.

E ai ki tēnei Kōmiti, nui kē ngā hē kei roto i tēnei ture. Kua whakaaetia e rātou ko tēnei ture he whakatau i ngā māharahara o Ngāi Nuinga ahakoa ngā māharahara o Ngāi Māori me ngā wawata, me ngā moemoeā, takahī tonu, takahī tonu. Kua whakaaetia e rātou ki te whakakore i taua ture mo te wā poto, ā, mēnā ka āta kōrero tahi te Kāwana me ngā iwi me ngā hapū Māori, he hua ka puta mō ngā taha e rua.

He hua?

Kei te whakaae marika au ki ngā kōrero o te Kōmiti Arotake kia whakakore i tēnei ture. Engari, me pēhea e wareware i a tātou ngā mahi o te Kāwana o mua? Ahakoa he Kōmiti mā tēnā, he Kōmiti mā tēnā, he nui ngā wā i hua kore ai. Nō reira, kōrero tahi atu ai ngā Kōmiti me ngā hapū Māori, heoi kua māwe ngā whakaaro i tutungia kia puta ai he ripoata. Engari, ki te kore e whakatā ana ngā kōrero o te ripoata ki te mātārae o te Minita, he auare ake. Tua atu, i ētahi wā he keretao noa iho ngā Kōmiti, heoi ko ōna aho e mau i te Kāwana. Ka huri whakamuri au ki tōku urupounamu tuatahi:

He hua ka puta i ngā kōrero o te Kōmiti? Hōhonu kakī, papaku uaua rānei?